Genetic Screening and Gene Therapy: Proceed with Caution Essay

"Now we know, in large measure, our fate is in our genes." famous words that were stated by the co-founder of DNA's double helix structure, James Watson. In a large effect, in this day of modern science belief our fate is controlled by our genes. Our genes control our physical statue, our outward appearance, basically our entire bodily makeup is all determined by our genes. Mankind is at the edge of a new frontier in genetic medicine and gene therapy and how man advances into this field greatly dep ends on his ethics, morals, and the general acceptance of this new found knowledge. At the heart of the subject lies the controversy over genetic screening. Many questions arise such as; Who should be tested? Who should have access to the information? And most important, Does man have the right to correct any genetic defect no matter what the case? Technical Aspects A gene simply put is one of many discrete units of hereditary information located on the chromosomes. The chromosome consists of DNA, and the DNA codes for proteins in the human body, and in turn it is the protein that provides the phenotype for the i ndividual. Genetic screening provides a way to predict whether or not a specific phenotype will occur. There are many ways in which one can preform genetic screening. One is karyotyping. Karyotyping is a process in which a blood culture is obtained an d centrifuged to separate the different components of the blood. After centrifuging the supernatant fluid is discarded. A hypoosmotic solution is added, and the white blood cells swell up causing their chromosomes swell apart. The solution is then cent rifuged again, and the white blood cells are removed and placed on a slide and stained. The slide is placed under a microsco... ...w far will mankind proceed? A question we must all ask ourselves. At which point will man slow down and look back to see what has happened, analyze what it was we found, and what we have learned. We must proceed with caution, the right kind of morals, and mind set if we are to benefit society and mankind with this powerful tool of genetic screening and gene therapy. References Grady, Denise. 1995. Unnatural Selection, Vogue. v.185, n.10, pp230-234 Rubin, Rita. 1996. Do You Have a Cancer Gene, US World News and World Report, v.120,n.19, pp.66-73 Hiller, Marc D. 1981. Medical Ethics and The Law, Cambridge Mass. Ballinger Publishing Company. Campbell, Neil A. 1993. Biology, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. Berkowitz, Ari. Our genes,ourselfs? Obtained from the WWW 10/5/96: http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/~pgrobste/Berkowitz.html Genetic Screening and Gene Therapy: Proceed with Caution Essay "Now we know, in large measure, our fate is in our genes." famous words that were stated by the co-founder of DNA's double helix structure, James Watson. In a large effect, in this day of modern science belief our fate is controlled by our genes. Our genes control our physical statue, our outward appearance, basically our entire bodily makeup is all determined by our genes. Mankind is at the edge of a new frontier in genetic medicine and gene therapy and how man advances into this field greatly dep ends on his ethics, morals, and the general acceptance of this new found knowledge. At the heart of the subject lies the controversy over genetic screening. Many questions arise such as; Who should be tested? Who should have access to the information? And most important, Does man have the right to correct any genetic defect no matter what the case? Technical Aspects A gene simply put is one of many discrete units of hereditary information located on the chromosomes. The chromosome consists of DNA, and the DNA codes for proteins in the human body, and in turn it is the protein that provides the phenotype for the i ndividual. Genetic screening provides a way to predict whether or not a specific phenotype will occur. There are many ways in which one can preform genetic screening. One is karyotyping. Karyotyping is a process in which a blood culture is obtained an d centrifuged to separate the different components of the blood. After centrifuging the supernatant fluid is discarded. A hypoosmotic solution is added, and the white blood cells swell up causing their chromosomes swell apart. The solution is then cent rifuged again, and the white blood cells are removed and placed on a slide and stained. The slide is placed under a microsco... ...w far will mankind proceed? A question we must all ask ourselves. At which point will man slow down and look back to see what has happened, analyze what it was we found, and what we have learned. We must proceed with caution, the right kind of morals, and mind set if we are to benefit society and mankind with this powerful tool of genetic screening and gene therapy. References Grady, Denise. 1995. Unnatural Selection, Vogue. v.185, n.10, pp230-234 Rubin, Rita. 1996. Do You Have a Cancer Gene, US World News and World Report, v.120,n.19, pp.66-73 Hiller, Marc D. 1981. Medical Ethics and The Law, Cambridge Mass. Ballinger Publishing Company. Campbell, Neil A. 1993. Biology, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. Berkowitz, Ari. Our genes,ourselfs? Obtained from the WWW 10/5/96: http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/~pgrobste/Berkowitz.html

3 Dose Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Health And Social Care Essay

Whooping cough whooping cough is a contagious respiratory piece of land unwellness caused by a fastidious Gram negative coccobacillus, Bordetella whooping cough, or on occasion B. parapertussis ( Edmunds et al. , 2002 ) , with sole affinity for the mucosal beds of the human respiratory piece of land. It is a vaccinum preventable disease recognized world-wide as a extremely infective disease with important associated childhood morbidity, showing clinically as pneumonia, purging, choking enchantments, ictuss, encephalopathy and decease ( Galanis et al. , 2006 ; Health Canada, 2005 ; [ 2 ] . Globally, an estimated 50 million instances of whooping cough disease and 300,000 pertussis- related deceases occur yearly, largely among babies who are excessively immature to hold completed the primary inoculation series ( Halperin, 2001 ) . In the past decennary, an addition in the incidence has been observed in many developed states combined with a displacement in the incidence towards older age groups which may be related to increased consciousness, alterations in disease susceptibleness and vaccinum features, switching demographics, and familial fluctuations [ 2 ] . Although whooping cough is more terrible in babies and immature kids, the increasing incidence in striplings and grownups is a major concern as grownups are an of import beginning of transmittal to babies, infection in grownup cause ‘s important morbidity and high costs [ 3-5 ] . Stoping immunisation with whooping cough vaccinum in Sweden in a antecedently extremely immunised population resulted in the revival of the disease ( Mortimer 1988 ) . By 1994, an estimated 71 million whooping cough instances and 626 whooping cough deceases were being prevented worldwide each twelvemonth through immunisation ( Ivanoff & A ; Robertson 1997 ) . In the absence of an immunisation programme 80 % of lasting neonates would get whooping cough in the first five old ages of life ( Fine & A ; Clarkson 1984 ) . Due to concerns about safety and efficaciousness of whole-cell whooping cough vaccinum ( Romanus et al. , 1987 ) , diphtheria-tetanus-acellular whooping cough vaccinums ( DTPa ) were included in the Swedish inoculation plan at 3, 5 and 12 months of age in January 1996. Vaccination coverage quickly reached more than 98 % and an intensified clinical certification of reported laboratory-confirmed whooping cough in preschool kids started in October 1997. There was a widespread diminution in whooping cough incidence throughout the state merely four old ages after the debut of DTPa in Sweden, the reported incidence of culture-confirmed whooping cough being 80-90 % lower than earlier DPTa debut. Sweden is a Norse state in Northern Europe, bordered by Norway on the West and Finland on the E, connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Oresund. It is the 3rd largest state in the European Union by country, holding a entire population of about 9.5 million and population denseness of 21 dwellers per square kilometre.Whooping cough Incidence in Sweden before and after debut of noncellular whooping cough vaccinumsThe incidence rates of whooping cough after the debut of noncellular whooping cough vaccinum were markedly lower compared to before debut ( See graph 1 ) . The decrease of the incidence of whooping cough was most marked in the age groups covered by the three doses of DTPa at 3, 5, and 12 months of age ( 1-2-year-old in 1998 to 1-4-year-old in 2000 ) , with highest incidence happening among babies who were unvaccinated or had received merely 1 dosage of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular whooping cough vaccinum. The incidence among unvaccinated 0-2-month-old kids was 235 p er 100,000 individual old ages compared to an mean incidence of 337 per 100,000 individual old ages in that age group during the 10-year period 1986-1995 before debut of DTPa ( RR 0.70, 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) 0.59-0.83 ) . In kids who had received merely one dosage of whooping cough vaccinum the incidence was 230 per 100,000 individual old ages and including all kids in the age group 3-4 months the incidence was 304 compared to an mean incidence of 677 per 100,000 individual old ages in that age group during 1986-1995 ( RR 0.45, 95 % CI 037-0.54 ) . A pronounced diminution of the reported incidence occurred after the 2nd and 3rd dosage of DTPa. After the 2nd dosage the incidence was 52 per 100,000 individual old ages. In to the full vaccinated kids ( three doses of DTPa ) the incidence was 11 per 100,000 individual old ages in kids below 2 old ages of age and 37 per 100,000 thereafter. Decreases were besides seen among older preschool-age kids, in the age groups 25-34 old ag es of age and in the +35 age groups, but non among kids aged 7-19 old ages. Degree centigrades: Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopEdinburgh hebdomad 1ASSIGNMT 2Important also1-s2.0-S0264410X02007776-gr1.gif The one-year incidence of culture-confirmed B. whooping cough was 89-150 per 100,000 before debut of noncellular whooping cough vaccinums. After a rapid bead in 1996-1997 the overall one-year incidence reached 17-26 per 100,000 individual old ages. The overall incidence of notified culture- and polymerase concatenation reaction-confirmed whooping cough dropped from 113 to 150 per 100,000 during 1992-1995 to 11 to 16 per 100,000 during 2001-2004. In countries of enhanced surveillance, the incidence of whooping cough was 31 per 100,000 person-years after 2 doses and 19 per 100,000 person-years after the 3rd dosage at 12 months of age. The age-specific incidence remained low for about 5 old ages after the 3rd dose but increased in kids aged 6 to 8 old ages, going 32 and 48 per 100,000 person-years, severally.Hospitalization due to pertussisDuring the period of 1997-2000, there were 145 hospital admittances due to culture-confirmed whooping cough among kids born 1996 or subsequently, dem oing an overall incidence of 18 hospitalizations per 100,000 individual old ages. Most of these kids were unvaccinated ( n = 116 ) , out of these, 97 including two deceases were below 3 months of age ( incidence 158 per 100,000 individual old ages below 3 months of age ) . There were 25 hospital admittances among kids with whooping cough who had received one dosage of DTPa ( incidence 61 per 100,000 ) , and four among kids above 5 months of age who had received two or more doses of DTPa ( incidence 0.6 per 100,000 ) . The continuance of infirmary stay was longer in the unvaccinated kids compared to the immunized kids: hospitalization for more than 1 hebdomad was seen in 49 % ( 57 of 116 hospital admittances ) among unvaccinated kids, compared to 24 % ( 6 of 25 ) among kids who had received one dosage of DTPa, and none among the four hospitalized kids who had received two or more doses of DTPa.Economic impact of the diseaseWhooping cough may be a drawn-out, terrible and awful disease ensuing in serious sequelae, doing a considerable hurt to both the kid and the household as a whole ( Johnston et al. 1985 ) . Due to the long- permanent class of the disease, the patients are exhausted, lose appetency and weight, and have disturbed dormant wonts. Behavioral alterations observed in whooping cough patients include crossness, anxiousness, and reverses in development ( Mark & A ; Granstrom 1992 ) . The disease hence becomes a â€Å" household matter † ( Mortimer 1990 ) because of societal and economic effects for the stricken households. Episodes of choking, apnoea or cyanosis in sick kids are straitening events for the full household. A survey reported disturbed slumber for 78 % of parents, with 53 % holding to go to to the kid 4 times or more each dark ( Mark & A ; Granstrom 1992 ) . The economic effects of the disease include disbursals for medical visits and drugs, and the demand to remain at place from work for a drawn-out period to take attention of the s ick kid. Meanwhile the cost of a non-hospitalised instance of whooping cough in Sweden is non documented, some European states has been estimated at ?22 per visit ( Netton and Dennet, 1999 ) and a 10-day class of Erythrocin at ?4.40 ( eBNF-36 ) . Hospital stay due to pertussis would be on mean 5 yearss at ?297 ( Netton and Dennet, 1999 ) per twenty-four hours plus extra follow up GP audiences, numbering ?1529 per patient, once more, approximately 12.5 % of hospitalised instances require specializer attention, sing on mean 4 yearss pediatric ITU attention for complications of whooping cough at ?1065 per twenty-four hours ( www.doh.gov.uk/nhsexec/refcosts/refcost2000.pdf ) and 12 yearss general ward stay, numbering ?7868 ( Matt et al. , 2001 ) . In the 1980s, the hospitalization rate attributable to pertussis in Sweden was 12 to 18 per cent for all ages ) and the average continuance of infirmary stay was 8 yearss for babies younger than 6 months, 6 yearss for kids 6-11 months of age, and 4 yearss for patients older than 12 months ( Romanus, Jonsell & A ; Bergquist 1987 ) .Issues coming upLong-run effectivity of this inoculation plan showed increased incidence of whooping cough among 7- to 8-year-olds ( i.e. chiefly noncellular whooping cough vaccine-vaccinated kids ) . This shows waning of vaccine-induced protection from whooping cough. There is a attendant addition in incidence among babies, most probably infected by older siblings, hence inoculation schemes need to be reinforced. Expanded inoculation should hold included adding supporter doses to bing childhood agendas ( preschool or stripling ) ( Gustafsson et al. , 2006 ) . Vaccine boosting has had marked possible benefits in several European states, Canada and USA ( aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ) . Attempts should be directed to increase or keep coverage of babies with three doses of DPT vaccinum at 90 per cent or higher. Surveillance of whooping cough morbidity should be strengthened and, ideally, whooping cough should stay a reportable disease. Inoculation agenda should hold besides included specific grownup subgroups that have the highest hazard of conveying B. whooping cough infection to babies ( i.e. , new parents, other contacts of neonates, and wellness attention workers ) . Reported informations based on hospitalized instances may endure from disproportional representation of terrible instances in younger kids and babies. During eruptions, describing rates may increase because of temporarily enhanced consciousness of doctors, anxiousness in the community, and media attending ( Crombie 1983 ) . Merely an approximately 5 to 25 per cent of all whooping cough instances are reported in Developed states ( Jenkinson 1983, Hinman & A ; Koplan 1984, Clarkson & A ; Fine 1985, Thomas 1989 ) and is disproportionately higher for hospitalized patients with authoritative, laboratory- confirmed disease ( Centers for Disease Control 1990 ) .DecisionMeeting the GIVS ends would intend protecting kids against 14 diseases which include whooping cough among others. With 90 % of kids under-five old ages old vaccinated against whooping cough among others, by 2015 immunisation could forestall an extra two million deceases a twelvemonth in this age group, doing a major part to meeting MDG 4. While the impact on child deceases entirely would be sufficient justification for the usage of vaccinums, the decrease of long-run disablement among kids and the cost nest eggs from decrease in clinic visits and hospitalization more than warrant their usage in kids everyplace. By maintaining kids healthy, immunisation lengthens life anticipation and the clip spent on productive activity, and thereb y contributes to a decrease in poorness ( MDG 1 ) . Harmonizing to Harvard School of Public Health squad â€Å" Healthy kids execute better at school and healthy grownups are both more productive at work and better able to be given to the wellness and instruction of their kids. Healthy households are besides more likely to salvage for the hereafter ; since they tend to hold fewer kids, resources spent on them go farther, thereby bettering their life chances † ( Bloom et al. , 2005 ) .

The Concept of Perfectionism Essay - 1472 Words

The Concept of Perfectionism Do you push yourself to be the best? Do you get mad at yourself for not doing the best? Do you delay assignments till the last possible limit because of fear of rejection? Do you feel horrible when work isn’t done to your best ability of when minor failures seem like catastrophic ones? These are all signs of what is known as perfectionism (Pacht 1984). If you seem to agree with most of these things then you might be a perfectionist. According to Webster’s dictionary, it states that perfectionism is a disposition which regards anything less than perfect, unacceptable. Many people in the world suffer from perfectionism. So is that case of Mike Bellah. His perfectionism lead him to a lifestyle where he lost†¦show more content†¦Second the fear of making mistakes: one may not answer a question in class for fear of mistakes, or delay projects because of fear that it may be wrong in the end. Third is fear of disapproval: if one lets others see their flaws, they fear they will no longer be accepted, and try to protect themselves from criticism, rejection and disapproval. Four is the all-or-none thinking: perfectionists think that they are worthless if their projects aren’t done perfectly. If one gets B, instead of an A, they might think that they are a total failure. Fifth is the overemphasis on shoulds: They live in a life of standards and rules to lead their life. With an overemphasis on what they need to do, they forget what they want. Last is the belief that others are easily successful: perfectionists see others accomplishing things and think that they do it with minimum effort and little stress. They keep viewing their efforts and unending and insubstantial. 3 These causes of perfectionism make those with the disorder to shut out the world, along with many other results (S.P.C.C. 2000). The effects of perfectionism can be small or they can lead to other problems. 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Design, Instrumentation And Analytical Tools Essay

The previous chapter focused on the identification and discussion of the theoretical framework, related theories and the theoretical assertions of previous studies. This chapter identifies the methods, design, instrumentation and analytical tools. The content of the chapter aims at the identification of appropriate and suitable methods and the adoption of such within the confines of a systematic design which clearly stipulates population and sampling procedures; data collection instruments with regards to variable measurement and operational definitions, instrument reliability and validity as well as descriptive and inferential statistical tools (Sekaran, 2003; Sarantakos, 2005). 3.2 Research Design The research design is primarily concerned with the structure and framework of plans within which empirical activities concerned with research are to be undertaken. 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Did the Ancient Greek Gods Exist - 1234 Words

Did the Ancient Greek Gods exist? The Ancient Greeks regarded their religion and mythology with much respect and loyalty. Although the Ancient Greek Gods are now seen as an explanation created by man, for natural forces and the world around us, there has been much evidence both for and against the debate that these Gods were real. The Greeks believed that the Earth was created with the birth of Gaia, or Mother Earth, from the dark void known as Chaos. It was believed that Gods were all-powerful giants and heroes, who were responsible for our creation. The Olympians were a younger race of Gods led by Zeus, who eventually overthrew the formidable Titans, led by Zeus’ tyrannical father Cronus. Once in power, the Olympians, named after their†¦show more content†¦However many argue that it was from the bull sensation that came the origins and inspiration for the tale of the Minotaur. 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On account of the dialogues dual effect -- the presentation of Socrates spirit as well as the Greeks inability to define piety -- explanations for its incompleteness often place too much emphasis on Socrates and, as a result, fail to unearth its true genesis. Some students argue, for example, that the failure to define piety is induced by the non-existence of the Gods, which they declare Socrates implied through out his life. Hence arises the purpose of this interpretation: to Read More Exploring The Four Ancient Civilizations- Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Israel1009 Words   |  5 Pagesleader elected by the citizens. He established an army and led it into battle. Kingship was hereditary. Commoners were free citizens. In ancient Egypt, both women and men could act on their own and were responsible for their own actions. 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Usually people would benefit luck, fertilityRead MoreAncient History And Biography : A Week On The Concord And Merrimack Rivers1215 Words   |  5 Page sâ€Å"To some extent, mythology is only the most ancient history and biography. So far from being false or fabulous in the common sense, it contains only enduring and essential truth, the I and you, the here and there, the now and then, being omitted. Either time or rare wisdom writes it. Said Henry David Thoreau in A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers published in January 18, 1849. All over the world, during the ancient times, many cultures had developed their own mythological systems to help

Memory Boy Essay Free Essays

Memory Boy The book that I choose to read this 9 week period is called Memory by Will Weaver. The book is based on the lives of a family of 4 people; Miles, Sarah, and their two parents. Memory Boy starts out in the Mid West after a mountain range in Washington erupts and spews ash what seems billions of feet up, and over the entire United Sates like a blanket. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Boy Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ash is so thick that people have to wear dust masks outside to avoid the risk of breathing it in. Miles and his family finally decide to leave the town that they live in to head northwest. Since the ash is so heavy they can’t drive a car because those are restricted, and people can only use them on certain days to avoid the problem of pollution. So Miles assembles a new vehicle that he calls the Princess. It is a mix between a bicycle and a boat that they must pilot by either peddling, or when there is enough wind they have a sail from a boat to put up. They decide to leave under the curtain of night to avoid being detected by other people who would want to take their vehicle from them. As they make their way North they must face encounters with many obstacles such as road blocks, bandits, hunger, the government, nature, each other, and other hazards. In between telling us about they’re adventure north, Miles, who is the main character tells us the events leading up to their departure, starting with the day that the eruption happened. The novel starts out a peaceful journey by the family but they soon learn that their trip will not be easy and they must work together to survive. Miles is our main character and we watch all the events happen through his point of view. He would be a junior in high school if they still actually went to school. Miles is a smart individual who enjoys doing the job of a mechanic. He built the Princess by himself and is the only one who is about to fix and maintain it throughout the book. He takes a strong leadership role; even his parents look to him to solve the solutions. When the volcano erupted he was only in the 9th grade. So every other chapter he will flashback to his 9th grade year to tell us a story about after the volcano erupted. He often compares his life now to that of his 9th grade year, and how he would have done things different. He used to be disrespectful and would often act out in school to seek attention. He will explain to us how some of the events he tells us about have changed him. Miles sister Sarah is a few years younger than he is. She is a dark and morbid girl; the type that is into vampire, dark music, and dark literature. But even though she seems tough on the outside, but she is actually just hiding how scared she has been throughout this entire ordeal. She secretly looks up to miles even though she would never say so to him. She doesn’t like her father very much because he was always away when she was a child. Miles’s father was a jazz musician in a band before the eruption. He was always on the road with his band, so he wasn’t around much when Miles and Sarah were growing up. Although he seems quite docile at the beginning of the book we soon learn that he is actually quite the leader, and when Miles gets overwhelmed his father is always there to take the lead for awhile. Miles’s mother was the main caretaker of the children so she was always around. At the beginning of the book she kept the family together as a unit, they referred to her as being. The children see their mother as being helpless most of the time. It isn’t until later in the book that she really blooms as a character, and becomes a very useful asset to the group. How to cite Memory Boy Essay, Essay examples

Comparative Issues in International Management

Question: Discuss how the various economic, international trade, legal and technological factors assist or hinder Multi-National Corporations in entering new global or regional markets you should seek to provide specific Multi-National Corporations examples to support your answer. Answer: Introduction Globalization is shaping our lives and is leading us into a new territory. New technologies help in reducing the cost of global communication and travel where the people are exposed to the international cultures by travelling. The Countries these days have taken major decisions where they have reduced their rules and policies in terms of travel and in terms of allowing new business firms to grow (Milmo 2008). These moves in terms of globalisation have transformed the ways in which the business organizations respond to the growing competencies and they have also helped the organizations grow more effectively. The multi - national corporations are looking out for newer opportunities to grow and to emerge in the newer markets with their own customers by intensifying the competition on an international scale (Milmo 2008). The Companies face a lot of issues in terms of economic factors, the international trade barriers, legal barriers and technological factors depending on the political and economic situation of that specific international market which they choose to enter. All the new strategies of the organizations have started to motivate the Managements alter their management strategies and policies in terms of implementing their projects. International Business involves different issues at some junctures where there could be sure possibilities of exchange of views and systems in terms of various economic, international trade, legal and technological factors which can cause some type of hindrance in promoting the Multi National corporations to a greater level (Branigan 2008). The dynamic nature of the International Business Organizations has been changing a lot where if we consider the examples of the alarm clock with which we wake up on a daily basis has a major link with the international country China and these clocks are being exported to almost all the Countries in the world. This shows that the business is being outsourced a lot to the international locations for a lot of advantages like emerging markets in those countries, the competitive advantage in those countries which the Multi National corporations are being able to realise (Branigan 2008). These Multi National corporations are also being proposed as stronger business firms in the market where they have proven to exhibit a greater sustainability and corporate social responsibility. There are a lot of international companies or the Multi National corporations which have made their ways to almost all the Countries in terms of their products like the Adidas shoes, Nike stores and their large variety of clothes, the Mobile Phones with Companies like Samsung and Xiaomi, electrical products from General Electric, Computers, Laptops and Accessories from companies like Dell, Chocolate brand which almost all the people in the world are familiar with like Nestle and the phone companies like Vodafone who are a major mobile service providers in the world (Mercado, Welford and Prescott 2001). 2) Factors assisting or hindering Multi National Corporations in entering new markets Overview of new market entry The Organizations see the local determinants in terms of their interaction which would be ownership specific and based on the internalisation advantages in terms of a larger situation in designing the corporate strategies. The Organizational strategies aim and spread their objectives in terms entering new markets, reducing risks, entering markets like oligopolistic and competitive environments. What makes MNCs enter into new market The new market seeking objectives could be majorly focussed on entering new markets in order to enhance the scope of acquiring new businesses, starting up newer branches in the international locations, attaining the market power and aiming at diversifying the markets in terms of spreading the risk strategy (Mercado, Welford and Prescott 2001). Brief discussion of factors economic, international trade, legal and technological There are various factors which can assist or cause hindrance to MNCs to enter new markets which include Economic factors like Free market capitalisation and various economic enhancements which they can achieve The average market profits which they can make Governments rules and policies which might affect the market decisions Market factors like economic situation of the Country, market borrowings and fluctuations Levels of Education and labour market laws Availability of skilled labour Levels of infrastructure which is maintained International Trade FDI policies and interventions levels of protectionism Levels of Government interference in business activities Economic and Trade pacts with the other Countries Participation in international and regional trade agreements Legal Levels of Government interference and Governments rules and policies which might affect the market decisions Legal policies and codes of conduct which are formed Rules of law Issues of jurisdiction in terms of policies to be adapted and implemented Technological Types of technological development like infrastructure of the buildings to open the new ventures Types of technological qualification which people should have Technological products which would be introduced in terms of technical qualifications and skills to acquire Technological skill assessment to contribute towards the economic development which is required in that specific country 2.1 Economic Factors a) The general economic factors which are to be considered before entering the new global and regional market depend on various situations. All the business organizations face some competition in terms of setting their business in the international markets with respect to the internal and the external factors (Bhalla and Shiva Ramu 2003). The external environmental factors which have to be considered include economic factors, socio cultural factors, Government factors and policies inclusive of the legal factors, demographic factors and the internal local economic factors. b) The economic situations can turn out to be viable and non viable in some cases depending on the situations of the country and the type of business and the situation of their local economic and political factors (Helmore 2004). The environmental factors are beyond the control of any Organization and the success will depend on the adaptability to the environment which would in turn control the opportunities which the Organizations would get and the threats which they might face in order to sustain in that specific local market. c) For example the changing economic situations in the Countries have set low standards in terms of growth rates especially for the Companies in the Consumer Business like NESTLE in the UK. The brands have to come up with newer strategies in order to come up with newer products and offers to sustain the competition in the local market. The same is the case with Companies like Vodafone, Dell and General Electric where the changing economic situations can hamper the development of the products and can also impact the market decisions to a great extent (Ewing and Edmondson 2005). The changing economic factors can cause a great deal of discomfort in the markets by causing changes like increased unemployment because of the non-performance of the Companies and their products in the markets. These situations also arise because of the change in interest and exchange rates in the international global environment when the Companies try to enter newer international markets like EU and UAE. The rise of the other international economies like China and India can also hamper the economic growth of their local market (Bulkley 2008). All these factors happen when there is a large transformation of a specific brand or a company into a consumable product like for example DELL and VODAFONE. When the market for such products grow there is a large competition which develops due to the emerging newer brands in the international market. For example in the case of DELL they have faced a large competition with COMPAQ (Bulkley 2008). 2.2 International Trade a) International Trade International Trade is the exchange model of various types of products and services across various international locations. The International trade processes consist of different initiatives taken by the Government and the Companies in most of the international markets. The international trade share is represented by the GDP Gross Domestic Product. b) What type of International Trade is preferred by MNCs and why The International trade preferred by the MNCs is similar to that of the trade which is conducted between the Countries where they expect something from each other in terms of exchange of products and services. The trade is an essential activity which involves exchange however it might not always focus on the Government policies which are involved. c) Examples to support arguments For example in case of DELL and VODAFONE the trade happens between the products, accessories and peripherals related to the production and sales of the products. The MNCs prefer to specialise in types of products and services which are unique to their brand and they trade in those specific products. This figure shows us the product possibility curve and the constant opportunity costs which it might create. 2.3 Legal a) What are the legal issues In terms of business firms there could be a possibility of various legal issues in terms of handling consumers, partnership companies, Government and Suppliers and Vendors. Legal issues can be related to any litigations because of the Companies, the internal employees, suppliers and the Management. Litigations could also arise due to the patent issues of their products and the issues related to their dissatisfied Consumers. b) How could it help or hinder MNCs to enter global market. What causes Legal environment to change The external or the environmental factors like the economic and socio cultural factors, government and the legal factors are all called as uncontrollable factors where the environmental factors are far beyond the control of a firm and the success of the Organization depends on its adaptability to change and adjust to the new environment. There could be a lot of legal factors like macro environment and micro environment factors which could involve external environment factors like suppliers, market vendors, competitors and partnership companies. All these factors could change the macro environment by causing some changes in the legal environment of the company. Apart from these parameters factors like exchange markets, foreign legal systems, cultural differences, rates of inflation and fluctuation in the markets cause the legal environment of a company to change. There are a distinct set of strategies which have a major control on the responses of any specific issue where the firms c an restructure themselves based on various legal strategies in order to work towards the organizational growth (Bartram 2004). c) Examples to support arguments If we consider the case of DELL the company has grown to a major extent and the computers have become more of a commodity and the companies in competition like Compaq have become rivals to DELL. The factor here is the market competition. In this category Compaq has continued to maintain its processes with great systematic procedures and the competition shifted to the value for money (Chindnovsky 1999). In the case of NESTLE and Vodafone the companies have to consider the legal laws and policies of that specific country and have to implement their sales strategies. The laws include various aspects like health and safety, consumer laws, employee laws and discrimination laws which can protect the interests of the employees on a legal front on the Governments front (Jones and Mackintosh 2005). The laws are safeguarded for all purposes where the Employees are treated with great care and equally. 2.4 Technology a) Role of Technology Technology can have a significant impact on the people in terms of the companys future and fortune. There have been a lot of technological achievements which have made a lot of contribution in terms of introducing newer tools and apps to make some processes function and in innovating new products like mobile phones, computers, accessories, apps, internet related products and scanners. There has been a heavy investment in new technology which has paid a lot of higher returns for the Companies. If we consider the mobile technologies the companies have invested in a greater technology which can support newer platforms and make the global company stand out as a global leader in the international market. b) Advantages and Disadvantages The critical factor to technological investment and implementation is market understanding of the products and the technological sophistication. A higher investment in the technological companies can majorly change the fortune of the companies in a positive way. If we consider the GEs products we would see that the implemented technology has changed the quality of the products which has allowed to exhibit their talent in a great way. Vodafone with its technology has changed the quality of the speakers and the microphones with which the listening ability has been enhanced. These technological investments have contributed to high end market potential where the companies have identified the required technological changes which had to be brought in order to enhance the quality of their products and services. These technological changes can also contribute to provide newer opportunities for new products to be introduced and they can also reduce the risks in the markets. c) Examples to support your arguments Having the products of General Electric are for sure a great hit in terms of a product brand as they are known to be the pioneers in the product categories of electric stoves, cleaners, dishwashers and electrical products. In cases of products like computers and electronics there has been a large competition in terms of introducing newer product category by revolutionising their mobile technology and devices (Bhalla and ShivaRamu 2003). DELL is known for its higher reputation in terms of quality, specifications, reliability and innovation. Conclusion We have analysed various economic, international trade, legal and technological factors assist or hinder Multi-National Corporations in entering new global or regional markets. The Management of the companies should identify various dimensions in order to handle all the issues related to identifying new markets and analysing them. This type of an analysis will recommend newer styles and dimensions where the companies can deal with any of the extremities which they might face (Engardio 2005). The Companies can also adapt and implement any of the contingency models which can ensure a better approach for successful implementations of their products and services. References Milmo, D 2008, Former BA Bosses Face Price-Fixing Charges, Guardian, 7 August, 26 Mercado, S., R. Welford and K. Prescott 2001, European Business: An Issue-Based Approach, Harlow: FT Pearson. 5 Helmore, E 2004, Do Not Pass Go Says EC, Observer, 28 March, 3. Jones, A. and J. Mackintosh 2005, Taking the Hit: European Exporters Find the Dollars Weakness is Hard to Counter, Financial Times, 3 May, 17. 13 Watts, N 2006, Migrant Workers from East Helping to Boost EU Fortunes, says Report, Guardian, 9 February, 22. 14 Ewing, J. and G. Edmondson 2005, Rise of a Powerhouse, Business Week, 12/9 December, 4260. 15. Ewing and Edmondson (2005) op. cit. 16 Bartram, P 2004, Targeting the New Ten, Marketeer, May, 225. 17 Engardio, P 2005, A New World Economy, Business Week, 22/29 August, 328. 18 Bulkley, K 2008, Partnerships Are Key, Media Guardian, 29 September, 1; Anonymous (2008) Alternative Reality, Economist, 2 February, 69. 19 Branigan, T 2008, Rush for Yorkshire Pud and Cotton Socks, Guardian, 3 October, 21. Bhalla. V.K. and ShivaRamu. S., 2003, International Business, Anmol Publications, New Delhi Chindnovsky, Danial. B., 1999, The Globalization of Multinational Enterprise Activity and Economic Development, Macmillan, London Branigan, T 2008, Rush for Yorkshire Pud and Cotton Socks, Guardian, 3 October, 21.